Dr Robert Jay Lifton THE NAZI DOCTORS:                         Medical Killing and the                             Psychology of Genocide ©    Pages 545 – 561   [Note: Page 544 is blank] Back     Contents  Index  Home Page       Forward   <links under construction> Index  A — D  A  C · abortions, 149; by prisoner doctors, 183, 224-25 prohibition of, 42  · academic medicine, 37-40  · Ache Indians, 489  · Adelsberger, Lucie, 190-92  · Adler, Alfred, 278  · age of Nazi party members, 512 n59 · Ahnenerbe, 279n, 286  · American Declaration of Independence, 35n  · amphetamine toxicity, 517n47 · anthropological research, 284-87  · anti-Semitism, 17; of Brandt, 116; doubling and, 434; Ernst B. and, 305; ethos of, 438-39; genocide and, 477, 478; of Haeckel, 441; of Höss, 461; intellectual-professional, 35; of Johann S., 131, 133, of Luther, 479; meaning and, 460; of Mengele, 377-78; nineteenth-century, 482; and participation in selections, 230-37; Polish, 11, 239-50, 264; prisoner doctors and, 231 ; of Wirths, 392-93  · Archive für Rassen und Gesellscchaftsbiologie (Archive of Racial and Social Biology), 28, 441n  · Arendt, Hannah, 12, 532n32  · Armenians, 466-67, 470, 476, 488, 493 · artificial insemination experiments, 271, 272 · Aryan physics, 490 · Atlantis, 279n ·  Auschwitz, 3-8, 13, 14, 18, 143; adaptation to, 194-203; as annihilation camp, 157-62; bordello at, 270-71, 288; as concentration camp, 152-55; doubling and,210-13; evacuation of, 325; 14f13 at, 139; ideology of, 203-7; as institution, 425-26; medical experiments at, 26, 269-70, 291-95 (see also Block 10; Hygienic Institute); noma office at, 296-97; phenol injections at, 254-68; political department of, 149; prisoner doctors at, see Prisoner doctors; selections at, 136, 163-2; as work camp, 155-57; see also SS doctors; specific doctors ·  Auschwitz Museum, 248, 359 ·   Aussenkommandos, 305 ·  authoritarian personality, 498, 538 n136 ·  Aztecs, 484, 485 B · Bach-Zelewski, General Erich von dem, 159, 437n · Baer, Richard, 398, 403 · Baeyer, Walter Ritter von, 113n, 122  · Balkan war, 470 · Ball, Hugo, 476 · Barrett, William, 494n, 500 · Basch, Michael Franz, 422n, 498n, 502 · Bauer, Erich, 142 · Bauer, Yehuda, 160n, 518n32 · Bavarian Interior Ministry, 98 · Bayer Pharmaceutical Company, 291 · Bayle, François, 116 · BBC, 115, 207, 390 · Becker, Ernest, 467n · Beckmann, Max, 469, 472 · Beger, Bruno, 286 · Belzec, 78, 79, 143, 157 · Bendorf mental hospital, 77 · Benn, Gottfried, 438 · Berlin, Isaiah, 471 · Berlin-Buch mental institution, 77 · Berlin-Dahlem Institute of Racial Biology, 349, 357, 360, 361, 369 · Berlin University, 30, 37, 81, 120, 121; Women’s Clinic at, 26 · Bernburg killing center, 71, 98 · Berner, Dr., 100n · Best, Werner, 153, 473 · Bethel Institution, 90, 122 · Beyond Psychology (Rank), 13 · Bible, 488  · Billinger, Richard, 483n · Binding, Karl, 46-48, 58, 104 · biological renewal, ideology of, 437-38 · Birkenau, 156, 188, 252, 270, 272, 273, 299, 492; Clauberg at, 271; crematoria at, 171; Marie L. at, 298; Mengele at, 349, 353; Schumann at, 280, 281; selections at, 147; surgical demonstrations at 294; women’s hospital at, 190 · Black Death, 477 · Blake, William, 494n · blaming the victim, 235, 244, 360-61; by Ernst B., 323, 333; genocide and, 476-78; by Mengele, 361, 373 · Bleichröder, Gerson von, 482 · Block 10, 270-87; anthropological research in 284-87 castration experiments in, 278-84; collaborators in, 248, 251 Ernst B in 303, 326 Hygienic Institute and, 287-91; Mengele in, 363; prisoner doctors in, 218, 237-38; resistance in, 297; sterilization experiments in, 277-78; Wirths and, 291, 387, 389, 405 · Blome, Kurt, 452 · Bodelschwingh, Fritz von, 90-91, 93, 115, 122n · Bodman, Franz von, 261-62 · Boeckh, Rudolph, 88 · Bölsche, Wilhelm, 125 · Bolsheviks, 275 · bomber pilots, 494-95 · Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, 81 · Bonhoeffer, Karl, 26, 37n, 81-82, 86n, 87, 120, 121, 456 · Bormann, Martin, 22, 27, 89, 94 · Bostroem, August, 88 · Bouhler, Philip, 51, 62n, 63, 64, 130, 135 · Boys from Brazil, The (Levin), 338 · Brack, Viktor, 108, 130; and carbon monoxide gassing, 79; and 14f13 project, 139; Himmler and, 278-80; and lethal injections, 71; and T4 project, 141n, 143 · Brandenburg killing center, 71, 73, 77, 123-24 · Brandt, Karl, 35, 52n, 63-64, 114-17, 130, 404; Bodelschwingh and, 91, 115; and carbon monoxide gassing, 72, 74; film project suggested by, 49; Hitler and, 50, 51, 72, 114, 116, 117; and T4 project, 95 · Brandt, Rudolf, 275 · Braune, Paul-Gerhard, 90-93, 95, 512n45 · Breitweiser (SS officer) 160n · Breuer, Josef, 419n · Brewda, Alma, 281 · British Colonial Medical Service, 248 · Broken Connection, The (Lifton), 440n · Brown, Norman O., 483n · Buber, Martin, 14, 381 · Buchenwald, 88; 14f13 program at,141; Hygienic Institute at, 300; lethal injections at 154, 256 · Bujalski, Dr., 262n · Bumke Oswald 26 · Buna, 251 · Burchenschaften, 127-28 · bureaucracy, genocidal, 495-97 · Caesar, Joachim, 308n · Canetti, Elias, 499   · Capesius, Viktor, 260, 290 · capos (prisoner functionaries), 176, 181, 201, 215; killing of, 223, 241, prisoner doctors and, 214, 231, 247    · carbon monoxide gassing, 71-72, 78-79, 143, 157, 159, 160, 453, 493 · Carnegie Institution, 23 · castration experiments, 269, 278-84 · Catel, Werner, 51, 52n · Catholics, 29, 32, 93n; “euthanasia” program opposed by, 56, 93-95 · Chamberlain, Houston Stuart, 127 · Charité Hospital, 37, 81, 120-22 · Charlemagne, 471 · Charny,. Israel W., 467n · Chelmno extermination camp, 79,157, 160 · children: forced labor by, 187; impaired, killing of, 21, 46, 49-62, 72, 96-97, 115, 119 -20, 140, 256; Mengele and, 185-86, 321-22, 345, 346, 371, 375, 424; noma in, 297; phenol injections of, 255, 264, 267; prisoner doctors and, 227, 238; “racially valuable,” 43; in selections, 147, 149; in twin research, 348, 352, 353, 355 · Children’s Specialty Departments, 53 · Cholm Insane Asylum, 78 · City of Mothers, 43, 277 · Clauberg, Carl, 42-43, 269-78, 297, 363, 462; · Dering and, 248; Ernst B. and, 287, 288; Himmler and, 172, 274-77, 280; personal history of, 273-74; at Ravensbrück, 289; Samuel and, 251; sterilization by injection by, 271-73, 275-77; · · Wirths and, 238 · Cohen, Eli, 223-25 · Cohen, Simon, 305-7, 318, 328n, 332, 336 · collaborators, prisoner doctors as, 239-53, 496 · Common Welfare Ambulance Service Ltd., 70 · Common Welfare Foundation for Institutional · Care, 70n · Communists, 240-41, 243, 438; in Auschwitz resistance network, 223n, 388; at Dachau, 152; Freikorps and, 126; shot by Einsatzgruppen, 78; T4 psychiatrists and, 136 · Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, 538n127 · Concentration Camp Inspectorate, 135,137 · Condolence-Letter Department, 70 · Confessional Church, 90 · Conti, Leonardo, 35, 121, 452; Ewald and, 83, 85n, 86; Hitler and, 62, 63; Johann S. and, 130, 132; and lethal injections, 71 · corporal punishment, 149, 155 · Correns, Carl, 31 · corruption, 153, 170, 200-201, 387; blaming the victim for, 461; Ernst B. on, 316; Grabner arrested for, 310n; of Mengele, 372; Morgen’s investigation of, 138-39, 387; of researchers, 275; of Wirths, 413 · crematoria, 18, 148, 149, 164, 166, 170-71, 177-79, 257, 493 in extermination camps, 79; Sonderkommando and, 170, 367, 403; technical efficiency of, 454, 455; in T4 killing centers, 71, 75 · Creutzfeldt, Hans Gerhard, 82, 87, 119 · criminals, 156; killing of prisoners by, 224; medical blocks controlled by, 154, 187; Wirths and, 388 · Crinis, Max de, 63n, 64, 65, 81, 120-21 Czech family camp, 184-85, 232-33 D · Dachau, 118, 152-53, 215, 241, 304, 461; Delmotte at, 311; Ernst B. at, 325-26; 14f13 at, 136, 138, 139; medical blocks at, 154; Mengele at, 380; Wirths at, 86, 406; as work camp, 155 · Dadrian, Vahakn N., 470 · Darré, Richard-Walter, 279 · Darwinism, 16-17, 125, 131, 441 · Daudet, Alphonse, 420 · Davenport, Charles B., 23, 38 · death anxiety: fascist ideology and, 499; warding off, 448-49 · death certificates, falsification of, 74-75, 100, 149, 187, 216 · Death’s Head Units, 153 · DEGESCH, 161 · De Jarnette, Joseph S., 24n · Delmotte, Hans, 318, 326, 328n, 446; selection process and, 208, 309-11, 378, 436-37, 463 · denial, 161n, 496; and euphemisms for killing, 202; and phenol injections, 259n · dentists, selections performed by, 174, 176, 197-98 · Deputy, The (Hochhuth), 162n, 338 · derealization,200, 442, 496 · Dering, Wladislaw, 246-50, 252-53, 281, 283, 297; doubling by, 425; Entress and, 262; libel trial of, 246, 248-49 · Desinfektoren, 148, 160, 174, 215, 446; in “euthanasia” program, 110; Zyklon B and, 161 · diphtheria, 296 · dissociation, 419 · Doctor Faustus (Mann), 435n · Dohnanyi, Hans von, 37n, 86n. · Dörner, Klaus, 103 · Dostoevski, Feodor, 429 · Double, The (Dostoevski), 429 · doubling, 151, 418-65, 498; broader danger of, 464-65; collaboration and, 246; construction of meaning and, 458-63; by de Crinis, 121; “disembodied self” and, 500; evil and, 423-24; genocide and, 465, 466; German culture and, 428-29; by Gerstein, 162n; by half-educated men, 493; healing-killing paradox and, 430-33; ideology and, 434-42; institutions and, 425; by Mengele, 374-78; by Mennecke, 141; Nazi, 426-27; numbing and, 442-47; omnipotence and impotence in, 447-51; professional identity and, 451-58; selections and, 210-13; splitting and, 422-23; universal potential for, 503; varieties of, 424-25; by Wirths, 413-14 . · Douglas, Mary, 482 · drinking by doctors, 193-6, 199, 231, 312-13, 317; numbing and, 443-44 · Durrenmatt, Friedrich, 418 · dwarfs, Mengele’s research on, 348, 349, 360, 364 · Dycke, Henry V., 420 Index E —  G   E   G · Eberl, Irmfried, 71, 73, 123-24, 143 · Ebner, Gregor, 43 · Eglfing-Haar mental hospital, 76, 77, 98, 99 · Ehrhardt, Helmut, 513n 1 · Ehrlich, Paul, 439n · Eichberg mental hospital, 140 · Eichhorn, August, 233-34 · Eichmann, Adolf, 12, 78, 158-60, 162, 175, 338, 480, 498 · Eicke, Theodor, 118, 152 -53, 154n, 155 · Einsatzgruppen, 143, 436, 437n, 451, 492; hospital patients shot by, 78; psychological reactions of, 15, 159, 268, 454 · Eiseley, Loren, 430, 458, 463, 504 · Elders of Zion, 480 · electroshock therapy, research on, 298-99 · Eliade, Mircea, 463, 486 · Elser, Georg, 118n · embodied self, 499-500 · empathy, blocks to, 210 · Endlösung, see Final Solution · Entress, Friedrich, 211, 236, 261-63; Dering and, 246; Klehr and, 265, 267; and lethal injections, 254, 256, 261, 262, 387; Polish prisoners and, 206, 263; selections by, ,189-91, 262, 395 · Epstein, Berthold, 296-97, 360-61, 368 · Erbarzt, Der (Journal), 340 · Erikson, Erik, 479, 501 · Eta, 482 · “Eternal Doctors” (book series), 32 ·  ethos of killing, 435-37 · eugenics, 16-17, 22-24, 31; and killing of children, 97; positive, 42, 43; in United States, 22-23 · “euthanasia” program, 42, 45-79, 346, 442, 444, 451; academic opposition to, 39; in concentration camps, 154; denounced by von Galen, 39-40; Hitler’s involvement in, 50-51; impaired children in, 21, 46, 49-62; as medical obligation, 30; mentally ill in, 47-50, 57-59, 62-76; participants in, see specific doctors; phenol injections for, 254, 255; popular resistance to, 89-90; psychiatric resistance to, 80-89, 111; public opinion and, 48-50; religious resistance to, 90-95; Rudin and, 28; Schumann and, 278, 284; starvation in, 62; Wagner and, ; “wild,” 56, 96-102; see also 14f13 program; T4 program. · Ewald, Gottfried, 66n, 82-87, 95, 109n, 122, 456, 457 · Ewers, Hanns Heinz, 421n “Existence without Life” (Dasein ohne Leben) (film), 76n · Exodus (Uris), 248-49 · Expressionism, 469, 472 · eye color, Mengele’s research on, 361 F · Face of the Germanic Doctor over Four Centuries, The, 31 · Falthauser, Valentin, 98 · Fejkiel, Wladyslaw, 186-87, 223, 255 · Fest, Joachim, 279, 452 · Final Solution, 77, 162n, 382, 445, 480; Auschwitz as technical center of, 425; Brack on, 280; Ernst B. on, 333, 459; 14f13 program and, 143, 148; psychological purpose of term, 206; Wannsee Conference on, 158; Weber on, 305; Zyklon-B and, 160n · First World War, 99, 229n, 385, 434, 468-70, 476, 486, 487, 499; Clauberg in, 273, 278; Ernst B. in, 312, 313, 334; Heyde in, 117; Johann S. in, 126, 127, 133; Samuel in, 250, 251; Speer in, 474 · Fischer, Horst, 210-11, 213, 217, 227-29, 299, 397, 402 · Five Chimneys (Lengyel), 225 · Flagge, Wilhelm, 227 · Fleming, Gerald, 520n24 · forced labor, 155-57; death through, 188; medical blocks and, 186, 187; selections and, 174-75, 180 · Foreign Intelligence Service, 118n · l4fl3program, 134-44, 148, 255, 454; and evolving genocidal mentality, 142-44; Heyde and, 119; Mennecke in, 139-42; shifts in focus of, 137-39 · Frank, Anne, 338 · Frank, Hans, 16 · Frank, Willi, 394 · Frankfurt, University of, 347-48 · Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial, 189, 258, 260, 266, 341, 342, 411 · Frankfurt Hadamar Trial, 515n 15 · Frankfurt Institute of Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene, 339, 340, 359 · Frederick the Great, 471 · Freiburg, University of, 46 · Freikorps, 120-21, 126-29, 133, 452 · French Revolution, 129 · Freud, Sigmund, 13, 168, 419, 421n, 440n, 467, 469, 477 · Frick, Wilhelm, 25 · Friediander, Henry, 513n81 · Friedmann, Sylvia, 272, 273 · Fritsch, Carl, 160 · Führer principle, 37, 451, 472, 484, 491 · fundamentalism, medical, 488-89   · Galen, Clemens Count von, Bishop of Münster, 39, 93 · Galton, Francis, 24 · gas chambers, 18, 98, 100, 143, 148, 157, 216, 255, 257, 493; anthropological research and, 285; denial of, 203; dynamiting of, 321-22 and ethos of killing, 436; and Final Solution, 158; in 14f13 program, 138; gas chambers ideological argument for, 205; numbing and, 446n; selection for, see selections; Sonderkommandos and, 252; technical efficiency of, 455; technology of, 159-62; in T4 program, 71-74, 77, 78-79, 96, 105, 123; transport to, 431; at Treblinka, 124; victims of experiments sent to, 283, 287, 299; see also crematoria · Gasman, Daniel, 441 · Gebhardt, Dr., 290 · Gemeinschaft (community), 478 · genetics 23 Rudin’s view of 27-29 see also eugenics · genocide, 466-500; agents of, 489-93; blaming the victim in, 476-78; bureaucracy and, 495-97; doubling and, 465, 466; and Germany after First World War, 467-70 Gotterdammerung and, 485-86 medical fundamentalism and, 488-89; purification through, 481-85; and quest for transcendence, 473-76; self and, 497-500; technology of, 493-95; threshold in 479-81; universal potential for, 503; and vision of total cure, 470-73; see also Final Solution German · Chamber of Medicine, 277 · German Communist Party (KPD) 136 · German Corporation for Pest Control, 161 · German Hostel Association , 91n · German Psychiatric Society, 28n · German Research Society, 341 · German Society for Racial Hygiene, 24, 28 · German War Graves Commission, 481 · Germany Must Perish! (Kaufman), 131 · Gerstein, Kurt, 161-62n, 413-14 · Gestapo, 39, 135, 153n, 404; Ahnenerbe and, 286; Braune arrested by, 93; Dering and, 246; Ernst B. on, 199; Heyde and, 118, 119; phenol injections ordered by,149; “special treatment” and, 136; Weber and, 290; Wirths and, 87, 402, 404 · ghettos, 144, 148, 205 · Gleichschaltung 33-35, 37, 38, 40, 45, 83n, 451, 452 · Gleiwtz, 266 · Glover, Edward, 419n · Goebbels, Josef, 37, 94n, 128n 477, 490 · Goebel, Johannes, 272n, 277 · Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 428-29, 475, 478 · Görden psychiatric institution, 53-54 · Gorgass, Hans, 141, 515n 15 · Göring, Hermann, 85-86, 91, 158, 279n, 472, 480 · Goring, Matthias, 83, 85n 86, 87n, 91 · Göring Institute, 83n · Götterdämmerung, 485-86 · Gottfried, Robert S., 478 · Göttingen State Hospital, 85 · Gotz Dr., 88 · Grabner, Maximilian, 261, 310n, 389, 402, 404 · Grafeneck killing center, 71, 143, 147, 278, 284 · Grawitz, Ernst Robert von, 31, 32, 64; Bach-Zelewski and, 159, 437n; Clauberg and, 274; gas chambers advocated by, 143, 453; Heyde and, 118; selection policy laid down by, 173, 175 · Gray, Ronald, 428n · Grese, Irma, 227, 387 · Grillparzer, Franz, 389 · Gross, Walter, 511n 13 · Gross-Rosen, 261 · Grotstein, James S., 424n “group think,” 496 · Guett, Arthur 32 · Günther, Hans F. K., 28, 365 · Gürtner, Franz, 89, 91 · Gypsies, 147, 153; blaming of, 460; Ernst B. and, 323-24; 14f13 program and, 139; gassing of, 79; Jewish prisoner doctors and, 241; killed by Einsatzgruppen, 78; killing of entire camp of, 185-86; Mengele and, 348, 350, 351, 353, 357n, 361-62, 366, 375, 379; noma among, 297; phenol injections of, 255; starvation of, 199; sterilization of, 283 Index H — K H   I · Hadamar killing center, 71, 73-75, 100, 143, 515n 15 · Haeckel, Ernst, 125, 441 · Hamburger, Franz, 40 · Hantl, Emil, 267-68 · “hardness,” idea of, 533n41 · Harrel, Isser, 338 · Harriman, Mary, 23 · Hartheim killing center, 71, 75, 98, 123n, 138, 139, 142, 147 · Harvard. University, 38n · Hautval, Adelaide, 270 · healers (Heilkundiger), 40, 41 · healing-killing paradox, 430-33; collaboration and, 246; epidemic prevention and, 202; Himmler and, 279; Hygienic Institute and, 291; medical-block selections and, 186; prisoner doctors and, 216, 219, 235-36; professional identity and, 451-58; selections and, 149-50; Wirths and, 384, 389, 395, 404-5, 411-12 · healing practitioners (Heilpraktiker), 40-41 · Hefelmann, Hans, 50n, 52, 53n · Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 428n · Heidegger, Martin, 37, 438 · Heidelberg, University of, 38, 45; Clinic of, 122 · Heine, Heinrich, 428 · Heinze, Hans, 52-53n, 54, 64 · Heissmeyer, Kurt, 457n · Hennicke, Karl, 523n24 · Hereditary Health Courts, 25, 29 · Herf, Jeffrey, 494n · Hermann Göring Works, 156 · Hess, Rudolf, 31, 40, 129, 484 · heterochromia, 361-62 · Heyde, Werner, 64, 67, 70, 117-20, 135, 153, 457, 490; and carbon monoxide gassing, 71, 72; Eberl and, 123; Ewald and, 82, 83, 85n, 86, 87; Horst D. and, 103, 104, 106; Mennecke and, 140, 141 and T4 program, 137; Wolfgang R. and, 108 · Heydrich, Reinhard, 9, 78, 136, 158, 278, 304, 480 · Hilberg, Raul, 143, 158, 171, 446, 518n32, 520n38 · Himmler, Heinrich, 89, 90, 147, 106n, 207, 291, 426, 469, 477, 492; Ahnenerbe office created by, 279n, 286; attempt on Speer’s life by, 115n; Bach-Zelewski and, 159; biomedical vision of, 16-17; Brack and, 278-80; Caesar and, 308n; camp bordellos ordered by, 270; Clauberg and, 271, 274-77, 280; concentration camps established by, 152; de Crinis and, 121; Eicke and, 153; on ethos of killing, 435-37; and 14f13 program, 135, 136; Grawitz and, 143, 453; on Hippocrates, 32; Hirt and, 285-87; Höss and, 157-58, 480; interest in liver disease, 294; Johann S. on, 130-32; Lebensborn and, 43; Mengele and, 341n, 375; Samuel and, 251; selections policy and, 173, 174; and T4 program, 95, 135 · Himmler, Margarete, 279 · Hinselmann, Hans, 385, 391, 405 · Hippocrates, 32 · Hippocratic oath, 207, 433, 500; experiments and, 4; medicalized killing and, 16; Nazi view of, 32; Wirths and, 411 · Hirsch, Dr., 116 · Hitler, Adolf, 16, 17, 22, 28, 36, 86, 136, 157, 279n, 314, 338, 476, 479, 490, 532n32; as agent of transcendence, 474; blaming the victim by, 460, 477; Brandt and, 51, 72, 95, 114-16; Braune and, 91, 93; and carbon monoxide gassing, 71, 72; on “cleansing” of medical profession, 483; de Crinis and, 120, 121; educators’ vow to support, 37; Ernst B. on, 317, 324, 330; and “euthanasia” program, 56, 59, 62-64, 95, 120; and first medical killing, 50-51; in First World War, 469–70; and 14f13 program, 139; Gleischaltung principle of, 33; insane logic of, 439; Johann S. on, 131–33; Mengele and, 339, 365, 377; Mölders and, 95; Nuremberg rally, 507n 14; paranoia of, 440; Polish attitude toward, 242; SS oath of loyalty to, 207, 433, 435; and sterilization program, 24, 27; suicide of, 453, 487; vision of total cure, of, 471, 473; Wagner and, 35, 50, 129; Wehrmacht and, 107; White Rose and, 39; Wirths and, 403; Wolfgang R. on, 109 · Hitler Youth, 38, 58 · Hoche, Alfred, 45-48, 58, 104, 107, 113n, 117 · Hochhuth Rolf, 162n 338, 345, 380, 426, 490 · Hodys, E1eonore, 201n · Hoffman Gerhard 44n · Hoffmann E. T. A., 421n · Hoffnungstal Institution, 90 · Hölderlin, Friedrich 428 · Holocaust (TV film) 381, 528n59 · Home Mission, 90 · homosexuality, 153; Jewish doctors and, 42 Mengele and, 372 · Horla, Le (Maupassant) 429 · Horst Wessel song 128 · Höss Rudolf, 156, 201, 211n, 256, 310, 446n, 455, 459, 461; Clauberg and 238, 272, 276; at Dachau 153; Eichmann and, 159-60; on Einsatzkommandos, 159; Ernst B on 323-25, 328; Himmler and, 157-58, 480; and selections policy, 173, 425 Wirths and 175, 386, 388, 392, 393, 401, 404, 411; and Zyklon-B, 160, 162 · Hoven Waldemar, 256 · Hufeland, Christoph Wilhelm, 32 · human sacrifice, 481-85 · Hungerhäuser (starvation houses), 98 · Hunter, Richard H., 440n · hydrogen cyanide, see Zyklon-B · Hygienic Institute, 31, 300; Ernst B.at, 304-6, 308-10, 316, 325-27; experiments conducted at, 270, 287-91, 296; official concerns of, 172; and phenol injections, 256, 258; prisoner doctors and, 215, 217, 229, 237, 296, 325; selections and, 308, 309, 394; Zyklon-B distributed by, 161   · “I Accuse” 148; (Ich Klage an) (film), 49 · I. G. Farben, Inc., 18, 148, 152, 156, 184, 187, 188, 215, 291 · impotence, feelings of, 447-51 · “Inheritance, The” 148; (Das Erbe) (film), 48 · International Committee of the Red Cross, 299 · International Tracing Service, 299 · Israeli Secret Police, 338 J · Jäckel. Eberhard 477n · Jaensch, Erik 491 · Jagerstab, 156 · James, Henry, 420 · James, William, 413, 420, 482n · Janet Pierre, 419, 422-23 · Janis, Irving 496 · Jasperson, Karsten 88-89, 90 · Jehovah's Witnesses 138, 153 · Jewish doctors persecution of, 35-7 propaganda against 41, 453 see also prisoner doctors · Jews, 4-6 16, 17; abortions performed on, 149; as agents of contamination, 448n, “anthropological” 148; research on, 270, 285, 426; articulation of policy of extermination of, 157-58; assigned to dispose of corpses, see Sonderkommandos; Bach-Zelewski and, 47n; blaming of, 460-61; in Block 10, 270, 282, 283; camp identification system for, 153; Entress and, 263; Ernst B. and, 305-6, 321, 324, 329, 330, 332-33; euphemism for killing of, 445; in “euthanasia” 148; program, 56, 62,124; Ewald and, 85; excluded from Hippocratic oath, 433; 14f13 program and, 135-39, 141; genocide and, 466, 476-84, 486-88, 492-94, 496, 497 (see also Final Solution); in ghettos, 144, 148; Johann S. and, 127, 131; killed by Einsatzgruppen, 159; as majority of Auschwitz inmates, 156; medical experiments on, 293, 301; Mengele and, 321, 324, 325, 343, 346, 355, 360-370, 377-78, 382; and Nazi ethos of killing, 435-36; numbing and attitude toward, 442; Nuremberg Laws and, 25, 28; phenol injections of, 255-57; in pogroms, 14; prisoner doctors and, 11, 241; psychology of, 490, 491; psychotherapy and, 121 ; as race, 23n; removal of gold fillings from teeth of, 3; Rohde and, 230-31; 147; “special treatment” 148; and, 151; sterilization of, 26, 278, 280; systematic selections of, see selections; technicization of killing of, 454; T4 program and, 76-79; Wagner and, 129; Wirths and, 386, 393, 401, 403, 412; Wolfgang R. and, 108; working to death of, 155; Zyklon-B and, 161, 162; see also anti-Semitism · Johst, Hans, 472 · Jones, Jim, 330 · Jonestown mass suicide-murder, 330, 439 · Jost, Adolf, 46 · Journal of the American Medical Association, 24n · Judenrat organizations, 496 · Jung, Carl G., 467n, 486 · Jungdeutscher Orden, 312 · Jünger, Ernst, 127-28, 466, 494n · juvenile delinquents, killing of, 56 K · Kaiser Wilhelm Society, Research Institute for Psychiatry of, 28 · Kanner, Leo, 510n1 · Kant, Immanuel, 478 · Kapp Putsch, 117 · Kaschub, Emil, 293 · Kater, Michael, 34n · Kaufbeuren Asylum, 98 · Kaufman, Theodore N., 131 · Keitel, Wilhelm, 158 · Kennedy, Foster, 38, 45, 510n1 · Keveles, Daniel J, 24n · Kiel, University of, 273 · Kierkegaard, Søren, 467 · Klee, Ernst, 83n, 142, 513n81 · Klehr, Josef, 189, 259, 260, 264-68, 278, 387, 495 · Klein, Fritz, 15-16, 212; prisoner doctors and, 203, 206, 211, 223, 226-29, 231-32, 234 · Klein, Melanie, 419n · Kleist, Heinrich von, 428 · Kleist, Karl, 9, 87n · Klodzinski, Stanislaw, 255n, 258-60, 281, 283 · Knauer infant, 516n9 · Kogon, Eugen, 154, 456 · Koibenheyer, Erwin Guido, 483n · König, Hans Wilhelm, 206, 207, 209, 210, 232-33, 295, 299-300 · Koran, 488 · Korn, Miklulas, 265 · KPD (German Communist Party), 136 · Kraepelin, Emil, 27 · Kremer, Johann Paul, 147, 179, 292-92, 398 · Kren, George, 467n · Kressier, Hans, 516n9 · Kretschmer, Ernst, 87n · Kristallnacht, 108, 153 · Krupp, 156 · Kuhn, Arthur, 83n, 87 · Kulka, Erich, 160n · Kulmhof, see Chelmno       Index L — N L · Lagarde, Paul de, 468, 478 · Lammers, Hans, 62, 91n, 93 · Landau, Dr., 264 · Landman,J. P., 23n · Lang, Theo, 87n · Langbein, Hermann, 138n, 264, 297n, 308n, 310n, 452; on Entress, 261, 263; on Samuel, 252; on selections, 194; Verschuer and, 362; on Weber, 289n; Wirths and, 257, 384-91, 393-95, 404, 405, 408-9, 411, 414 · Langer, Suzanne, 463 · language: deamplification of, 495-96; numbing and, 445-46 · Laughlin, Harry H., 38 · Lebensborn (“Spring of Life”), 43 · lebensunwertes Leben, see “life unworthy of life” · Ledebur, Count von, 517n38 · Lehmann, J. F., 46n · Leipzig, University of, 46, 51 · Lemkin, Raphael, 466 · Lengyel, Olga, 225; on Klein, 211, 226-27; on Mengele, 342, 344, 345, 364, 372, 373 · Lenz, Fritz, 23, 24, 340, 475 · lesbianism, 372 · lethal injections, 493; at Buchenwald, 154; by Mengele, 341, 350-51; in T4 program, 71, 78; “wild euthanasia” and 97, 100-102 see also phenol injections · Levy, Robert, 189 · Lichtenberg, Bernard, 94n · Liebehenschel, Arthur, 310, 398 “life unworthy of life,” 21, 25, 46, 48, 62, 65, 76, 120 · Lill, Karl, 388, 408-9 · Linden, Herbert, 53n, 64, 67 · Lingens-Reiner, Ella, 15-16, 231-32 · Lolling, Enno, 172, 452; Ernst B. on, 198; Mengele and, 369; and selections policy, 180, 188, 254; Wanda J. and, 217; Wirths and, 386, 407 · Lonauer, Rudolf, 123n, 142 · London Times, 38n · Lorenz, Konrad, 134, 334, 483 · Löwis, Else von, 89 · Lucas, Franz, 194-95, 198, 343, 394 · Luftwaffe, 94, 280 · Luther, Martin, 428n, 479 M · Macalpine, Ida, 440n · McClelland, David C., 538n 136 · Madagascar Plan, 76, 144, 158, 206, 439 · Mafia, 423 · Magnussen, Dr., 361 · Maistre, Joseph de, 485 · Majdanek, 157, 519n 4 · Mann, Ernst, 44 · Mann, Thomas, 418, 428, 435n, 466, 469 · Markle (administrator of Hadamar), 100n · Marlowe, Christopher, 429 · Matussek, Paul, 7 · Maupassant, Guy de, 429 · Mauthausen, 137, 139, 142, 388; medical experiments at, 291 · Max Planck Institute for Research in Psychopathology and Psychotherapy, 7 · meaning, construction of, 458-63 · medical experiments, 151, 154, 172, 269-302, 393n; construction of meaning in, 462; Klehr’s involvement in, 265; by Mengele, 321, 360-69 (see also twins); prisoner doctors and 218, 237-38; 246-49, 251, 291, 295-301; by Wirths, 391-92, 400, 405 see also Block 10; Hygienic Institute · medicalized killing, 14-18, 44; at Auschwitz, 202, 254-68; collective process of, 213; in concentration camps, 134, 136. 138; postwar German medical profession and, 457; Wirths and, 394, 395; see also “euthanasia” program; phenol injections · medical witness, 300-301 · Meinecke, Friedrich, 469 · Mein Kampf (Hitler), 16, 33-34, 477n, 480, 488 · Mendel, Gregor, 23 · Mengele, Josef, 6, 151, 213, 232-33, 303, 337-83, 404, 412, 431, 432, 449, 458, 461-62, 475; background of, 338-42; as Catholic, 339; death of, 382; Delmotte and, 310, 437; doubling by, 374-78, 424; dwarfs and, 360; Ernst B. and, 173, 308, 321-25, 329, 336, 369, 459; eye color research by, 361-62; methods and goals of, 357-60; mythic aura of, 379-82; narcissism of, 421 ; noma research and, 296-97, 360-61, 460; phenol injections given by, 255, 258, 261, 262, 347, 493; prisoner doctors and, 221, 235, 241, 296-98, 369-74; scientific attitudes of, 365-69; selections by, 163, 165, 173-74, 182, 183 , 185-86, 194-95, 198, 202, 210, 342-47, 394; self-realization at Auschwitz of, 378-79; twin experiments by,169, 269, 295-96, 347-56   M (cont) · Mennecke, Friedrich, 64, 74n, 95n, 135n, 139-43, 517n ·mental patients: killing of, see “euthanasia” program; phenol injections in, 254, 255; prisoner doctors and, 224, 264; research, on, 299; sterilization of, 23, 25-27 · “mercy killing,” see “euthanasia” program · Meseritz-Obrawalde killing center, 78 · Meusberger, Dr., 83n · Middle Ages, 477 · Mielke, Fred, 475n · Mill, John Stuart, 35n · Mission and Conscience (Unger), 49 · Mitscherlich, Alexander, 43, 442n, 447n, 457 · Mitscherlich, Margarete, 442n · Möckel, Dr. 56 · Mölders, Warner, 94-95 · Monowitz, 156, 187, 188, 217, 227 · More, Thomas, 312 · Morell, Theodor, 114, 132 · Morganroth, Julius, 49 · Morgen, Konrad, 138-39, 193n, 387 · Morris, Desmond, 334 · Mosse, George L., 23n · Mrugowsky, Joachim, 31-33, 161, 256, 290, 291, 304, 305, 308-10 · Müller, Dr., 140 · Müller, Filip, 403n · multiple personality, 422, 423 · Munich, University of, 39; Anthropological Institute of, 339 · Munich Prosecutor’s Office, 154n · Münster, University of, 292 · Muselmänner, 138,150, 189, 199, 217, 425; phenol injections in, 261 selections of, 180 N · National Health Service, 248 · nationalism, 470-71; romantic, 475 · National Liberals, 35n, 125 · National Socialist German Physicians’ League (Nationalsözialistischer Deutscher Aztebund), 34, 35, 114, 129 · National Socialist Student League, 38 · “nature’s engine,” metaphor of, 450-51 · Natzweiler, 285 · Nazi Chamber of Literature, 427 · Nazi Girls League, 41 · Nazi League of University Instructors, 38 · negative selection, 91 · Neuendettelsauer Nursing Homes, 67 · Neuengamme, 386, 457n · Neumann, Margita, 273 · newborns, killing of, 224-25 · Newtonian physics, 475 · Nietzsche, Friedrich, 46n, 407-8, 428, 486 · Nitsche, Paul, 64, 67, 73, 118, 135n; Horst D. on, 104; and lethal injections, 100; Mennecke and, 141, 142; and T4 program, 137 · Nkrùmah, Kwame, 284 · Nobel Prize, 40 · noma, 296-97, 460; Mengele’s research on, 360-61 · nuclear weapons: doubling and, 464-6; genocide and, 503-4; technicism and, 495 · numbing, 141, 161n, 419, 420, 442-47, 498; group, 443-45; of half- educated men, 493; of Kremer, 293; language and, 445-46; of Mengele, 376-77; of phenol injectors, 267-268 of prisoners, 164.-67; selections and, 200; and “separate reality,” 446-47 · Nuremberg Laws, 25, 30, 36, 130 · Nuremberg Medical Trial, 9, 18, 32, 51, 72, 116, 135n, 269, 280n, 283, 290n, 338, 453, 458 · Nyiszli, Miklos, 257, 350-51, 358-64, 366-68, 370, 378, 458  Index O — R O · omnipotence, feelings of, 447-51 · Ontl, Friedrich, 252 · Operation Invalid, 135 · Ottilien Home, 90 P · Panszczyk, Mieczyslaw, 264 · Paracelsus, 31, 471, 481, 483 · Parkinson, C. Northcote, 178n · Party Chancellery Court, 89 · Perl, Gisella, 345, 365 · “Permission to Destroy Life Unworthy of Life The” (Die Freigabe der Ver nichtung lebensunwerten Leben (Binding and Hoche) 46 · Pfannmüller, Hermann, 61-64, 67, 76, 77, 98, 99, 119-20, 495 · pharmacists, selections performed by, 174, 176, 197 · pharmacological testing 291 · phenol injections 149, 189-90 216, 254-68; by doctors, 262-63; in Hygienic Institute 291; in Kremer’s research, 292; by Mengele 347, 493 by nonphysicians 264-68 prisoner doctors and 237, 246, 254, 257-58, 262, 264-65 · Physicians’ Commissions, 67 · Physicians’ Law (1935), 42 · Picture of Dorian Gray (Wilde), 429 · Ploetz, Alfred, 24, 28, 46n · Poe, Edgar Allan, 429 · Pohl, Oswald, 155 · Pokorny, Adolf, 275 · Polish prisoners,147; “anthropological” research on, 285; anti-Semitism of, 11, 239-50, 264; castration experiments on, 283; Entress and, 206, 262-63; 14f13 program and, 139; Mengele and, 379; murders of, 310n; phenol injections given by, 264; torturing of, 290; “wild euthanasia” and, 101, 136; Wirths and, 387, 404; working to death of, 155 · political prisoners, 156, 215; at Dachau, 152; medical blocks controlled by, 154, 187, 240-41, 243; phenol injections in, 255, 256, 265; phenol injections given by, 264; prisoner doctors and, 223; see also Communists · Politics of Cultural Despair, The (Stern), 467-68 · pregnant women: gassing of, 183, 212, 224; Mengele and, 372, 373; non-Jewish, release from camp of, 207, 209 · prisoner doctors, 151, 187, 201, 214-53, 504; abortions performed by, 183, 224-25; blaming of 460, 461; as collaborators, 239-53; Delmotte and, 311; direct killing by 223-25; doubling by, 425; on doubling of SS doctors, 210-13; Entress and, 206; Ernst B. and, 287, 288, 306-8, 315-18, 319n, 320, 326-27; as healers, 236-38; Hygienic Institute and, 288, 289, 305; and medical “as if” situation, 234-36; and medical experiments 291, 295-301; Mengele and, 341, 342, 344-48 351, 359, 369-74, 380; moral dilemma of, 221-25; numbing of, 443; phenol injections and, 246, 254, 257-58, 262, 264 -65; privileges of 214-26; recruiting of, 217-18; relationships of SS doctors with 203, 209 226-34; Schumann and, 281; selections and, 167-69, 175, 181-83, 186, 190-92, 194, 195, 209, 218-23, 228-29, 234, 236-38; surgical demonstrations by, 294; Wirths and, 86-87, 389-91; women, 230-34; work function and, 157; see also specific doctors · prostitutes, 270-71, 288 · Protestants, “euthanasia” opposed by, 56, 88, 90 · prussic acid, see Zyklon-B · pseudospeciation, 502 · psychiatry: at Auschwitz, 227-28; participation in “euthanasia” program, 110-14; political manipulation of, 136; resistance to medical killing in, 80-89, 111; see also specific doctors · psychic numbing, see numbing · psychoanalysis, 42 · Public Health Office, 30 · Pursuit Planes Staff, 156   Q · Quakers, 498 R · racial ideology, 17; academic opposition to, 39; anthropological research and, 284-87; of Clauberg, 274; doubling and, 434-42; eugenics and, 23-24; “euthanasia” program and, 46; of Himmler, 279; Jewish doctors and, 35; of Mengele, 377-78; and participation in selections, 203-7; sickness metaphor of, 16; of Wirths, 412; see also anti-Semitism · Ramm, Rudolf, 30, 32-33 · Rank, Otto, 13, 14, 420-21, 428, 467 · Rascher, Sigmund, 286 · Ratka, Victor, 142 · Ravensbrü ck: 14f13 at, 136, 138-40, 274, 277; Mengele at, 380 · reactionary modernism, 494 · Redlich, F. C., 132n, 517n47 · Reflections on Violence (Sorel), 435n · Reiber, Robert W., 423n · Reich, Wilhelm, 467n · Reich Central Security Department, see RSHA · Reich Chancellery, 103-4, 108; Braune’s protest to, 91; and “euthanasia” program, 51, 52, 62, 64, 71, 96; and 14f13 program, 137, 139 · Reich Committee for the Scientific Registration of Serious Hereditary and Congenital Diseases, 52-56, 61, 97n · Reich Committee Institutions, 53 · Reich Education Ministry, 37, 38, 121 · Reich Health Ministry, 52, 55, 64, 65 · Reich Interior Ministry, 3, 52, 66, 77, 96 · Reich Main Security Office, 304 · Reich Ministry of Justice, 81 · Reich Physicians' Chamber (Reichsarztekammer), 34, 35 · Reich Propaganda Ministry, 94n · Reich Security, 175 · Reichstag, 125 · Reichstag fire, 152 · Reich Work Group of Sanatoriums and Nursing Homes, 65 · religious resistance to “euthanasia” program, 88-95 · Renno, Georg, 142 · resistance: anti-Semitism and, 242; in Auschwitz, 223, 238, 390, 404; by prisoner doctors, 297-98; silent, 513n1 ; by university students, 39 · Rohde, Werner, 210-11, 229-31, 234, 238, 290, 463 · Riefenstahl, Leni, 507n14 · “Right to Death, The” (Das Recht auf den Tod) (Jost), 46 · ritual reversals, 432-33 · Roethke, Theodore, 466 · routine, meaning derived from, 458-63 · Royal Air Force, 94 · RSHA (Reichssicherheitshauptamt) 155-56, 158 · Rudin, Ernst, 27-29, 88 · Russian prisoners, 147; 14f13 and, 139; gassing of, 160; “wild euthanasia” and, 101; see also Soviet POW’s · Rust, Bernhard, 37, 82n  Index S — T S · SA, 34, 38, 85, 128-29, 133, 278, 339, 385 · Sachsenhausen, 139, 140 · Saller, Karl, 39 · Samuel, Maximilian, 250-53, 297, 298, 391, 425 · Sanitä tsdienstgrade, see SDG · Santayana, George, 488 · Sauerbruch, Ferdinand, 37, 91, 114 · Schellenberg, Walter, 118n, 121 · Schering-Kahlbaurn Pharmaceutical Company, 43, 272n · Scherpe, Herbert, 267-68 · schizophrenia, splitting in, 423 · Schmidt, Gerhard, 77, 99, 120 · Schmidt, Walter, 97n · Schnabel Ernst 338 · Schneider, Carl 64, 87n 121-23 · Schneider, Kurt 87n · Scholem Gershom 501 · Scholl, Hans, 39 · Schuler Dr., 256, 286, 290 · Schultze, Walter, 48, 98, 511n13 · Schumann Horst 143, 208, 269, 270, 280-84, 363, 462; Dering and, 247, 248; Himmler and, 172; prisoner doctors and, 297, 298; X-ray sterilization experiments of, 276, 278, 280-83 · Schutzstafel, see SS · Schwarzhuber, Johann, 184, 185 · Schweitzer, Albert, 114 · scientific racism, see racial ideology · SD, 49, 90, 121 · SDG (Sanitatsdienstgrade), 210, 215, 232 and phenol injections 259, 260, 264, 266, 267, 347; prisoner doctors and, 222; selections and, 148, 189 · Searles, Harold F., 440n · selections, 4, 17, 18, 147, 149-50; adaptation of doctors to role in, 194-97; camp, 180-86, 194; compliance of doctors in performing, 193-94; construction of meaning in, 459, 461-63; doubling and, 210-13, 425; Ernst B. and, 307-11, 315, 335; euphemism and, 445; 14f13 program and, 136, 138, 139; medical-block, 186-92, 262; medical rationale for, 455; by Mengele, 322, 325, 341-47, 373, 374; Nazi ideology and, 203-7; numbing and, 444; element of "performance" in, 461-62; performed by collaborators, 242-46; phenol injections and, 255, 256, 258-59, 265, 266; pressure to perform, 197-99; prisoner doctors and, 167-68, 175, 181-83, 186, 190-92, 194, 195, 209, 218-23, 228-29, 234, 236-38; professional arrangements for, 172-79; professional identity and, 452; psychological distance in, 199-203; research and, 296; resistance to performing, 195, 208-9; as rituals, 72 432-33; sequence of killing in, 169-72; special recognition for performing 207-8; victims experience of, 163-69; Wirths and 392-95, 397, 402n, 410, 411; work function and 156 · Seraphim Hans-Günther, 137 · Sex and Character (Weininger), 493n · shamanism 481 · Siemens-Schuckert, 156 · silent resistance, 513n1 · slave labor, see forced labor · Sobibór, 78, 79, 157 · social Darwinism, 16, 17, 24, 125 · Social Democrats, 8, 40, 152 · Socialist League of Doctors, 34 · Soldau transit camp, 78, 79 · Sonderkommando, 166, 169-71. 174, 184, 185, 252, 403; rebellion of, 367, 403 · Sonnenstein killing center, 71, 98, 143 · Sontag, Susan, 488 · Sorel, Georges, 435n · Soviet POWs, 199; 14f13 and, 138; gassing of, 79, 160 · “special diet” (Sonderkost), 98 · Special Psychiatric Youth Department, 53 · “special treatment” (Sonderbehandlung), 136, 150-51; On medical blocks, 189; of tuberculosis patients, 261 · Speer, Albert, 114-16, 156, 474-75 · Spengler, Oswald, 127 · splitting, 419-20, 422-24 · SS (Schutzstaffel), 31n, 32, 64, 130, 186, 190, 261, 277, 426, 436, 445, 446n, 476, 485, 493; Ahnenerbe office of, 286; corruption of, 200-201; criminals in, 492; Dachau and, 152; death camps run by, 157; and disposal of corpses, 178; doctors in, see SS doctors; Economic and Administrative Department of, 155, 172; "euthanasia" program and, 70, 76, 124; Final Solution and, 157-59; 14f13 program and, 135-39; Gleichschaltung and, 38; Göring Institute and, 83n; Hygienic Institute of, see Hygienic Institute; I. G. Farben and, 187-88; Lebensborn and, 43; mental patients shot by, 78; Race and Settlement Office of, 121, 136; racial requirements of, 109, 438; rivalries between groups of, 479; Security Service of, see SD; sterilization experiments and, 274, 275; T4 program and, 134; Zyklon-B and, 160n, 170   S (cont) · SS doctors, 147-49, 151, 179, 193-224; anti-Jewish ideology of, 204-5; collaborators and, 242-46, 250-52; doubling by, 210-13 experiments by, 269-71, 294 (see also Hygienic Institute); Klehr and, 265, 267; Langbein and, 452; lethal injections by, 154, 254-56, 261, 264; oath of loyalty to Hitler of, 207, 435; omnipotence of, 448; prisoner doctors and, 187, 214-34, 236-38, 295-97; psychological adaptation of, 196-97, 202-3, 433, 456; selections by, 163-67, 169, 172-75, 185, 189, 191, 193-95, 198, 208, 209, 437, 459; see also specific doctors · Stahlhelm, 339 · Stalin, Josef, 277 · starvation: at Auschwitz, 187; doctors’ responses to, 199, 200; "euthanasia" through, 62, 96-99, 120; of Gypsies, 199; medical witness on effects of, 300-301 research on, 292; in T4 killing centers, 78 · Steinmeyer, Theodor, 142 · sterilization, 21-29, 38, 40, 110; biomedical vision and, 42; Clauberg’s experiments on, 43, 271-73, 275-77; Dering’s experiments on, 247-49; experiments on, 269-84, 302, 363, 462; Mennecke and, 139; and Nazification of medicine, 30; opposition to, 29, 298; public and medical discussion of, 48; Rudin's support of, 27-29; Wagner and, 35 · Stern, Fritz, 467-68 · Stern, Karl, 490 · Stevenson, Robert Louis, 429 · Stich, Dr., 85n · Stockholm syndrome, 228n · Storm Troopers, 128 · Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, The (Stevenson), 429 · Strasbourg University Hospital, 285 · Streicher, Julius, 461 · Stroessner, Gen. Alfredo, 380 · Student of Prague, The (film), 420, 42ln · Stü rmer, Der (journal), 41, 461 · suicide, 150, 458; at Auschwitz, 220, 244; collective, 487-88; of Delmotte, 311; of Hitler, 453, 487; of Wirths, 384, 407-8, 410, 414 · surgical demonstrations, 294-95 · swastika, 128 T · tattooing of numbers, 165 · technicization, 453-55 · Tesch, Bruno, 160n · TESTA, 160n, 161 · T4 program, 65-76, 98, 100, 134, 155, 157; bureaucracy of medical deception in, 72-76; 14f13 program and, 135-39, 142, 143 halt of, 95, 96; killing done by doctors in, 71-72; organization of, 65-67; participants in, 103, 110, 123, 124; in Poland, 76-78; questionnaire for, 68-69; SS involvement in, 70 · Therapeutic Convalescent Institutions, 53 · Theresienstadt, 158, 184 · Theweleit, Klaus, 494n · Thilo, Heinz, 147, 165, 283, 355 · Thuringian State Office for Racial Matters, 385-86 · Tichauer, Helen, 519n4 · Tigenhof killing center, 78 · Time magazine, 10 · Tondos, Wladyslaw, 262 · torture, medical collusion in, 200, 290 · transcendence, quest for, 473-76 · Treblinka, 124, 143, 157, 160; suicides at, 150 · Treitschke, Heinrich von, 35-36, 204 · triage, 148, 154; prisoner doctors and, 220-21, 223; selections compared to, 173-74, 244-45 · “Triumph of the Will, The” (film), 507n14 · tuberculosis patients: “euthanasia” for, 101, 136; experiments on, 296, 457n; phenol injections of, 254, 256, 257, 261, 262 · Turks, 466, 470, 473, 476, 489, 493 · twins: gassing of, 323; lethal injections of 255, 257 research on 269, 295-96 340, 347-60 366, 368; at selections, 168, 169, 342 · typhus, 148, 172, 462; experiments on, 255, 269, 291, 301; gassing and, 79; Mengele and, 373; phenol injections and 256-57 262 prisoner doctors and 217; selections and 190 Wirths and 386, 391, 393, 411          Index  U — Z U · Ullrich, Aquilin, 73 · Unger, Helmut, 49, 52n, 64, 511n11 · United Nations General Assembly, 466 · universities: Nazification of, 37-40; see also specific universities · Uris, Leon, 248-49 V · vasectomy, 22, 23 · Verschuer, Othmar Freiherr von, 27, 339-41, 347-49, 357-58, 362, 369 · Verschuer, Helmut, 358n · Vetter, Hellmuth, 291-92 · “Victim of the Past, The” (Opfen der Vergangenheit) (film), 48-49 · Vietnam War, 464, 494 · Vitic, Rudolf, 237 · Volk, Nazi concept of, 14, 46, 474; "euthanasia" and, 30; Haeckel and, 441; Johann S. and, 129, 132 medical doubling and, 427; mentally ill and, 62, 83; physicians' relation to, 32, 33; professional identity and, 500; and propaganda against Jewish doctors, 42; state and, 63 W · Waffen SS, 188, 290, 304, 340, 86, 390, 476 · Wagner, G. A., 26 · Wagner, Gerhard, 29, 32, 35, 40-41, 49, 50, 129-30 · Wagner, Richard, 127, 478 · Wahlmann, Adolf, 100, 101, 515n15 · Waldheim institution 142 · Wallace, Alfred 441 · Wandervö gel, 312 · Wannsee Conference, 10 · Wasserman, August von, 439 · Weber, Bruno, 289, 291 ; chemical brainwashing experiments of 289-90 Delmotte and 310; Ernst B. and 305, 307, 320; Mengele and, 369, 378 prisoner doctors and, 217, 325 selections by 308 · Weber, Max 15, 446 469, 496 · Wehrmacht, 15, 107, 108, 110, 285, 454 · Weimar Republic, 117n, 126-27, 468, 486 · Weininger, Otto, 490 · Weippert, George, 473n · Weiss, Jean, 260 · Weizmann, Chaim, 131 · Weizsä cker, Victor von, 96 · Welsch, Peter, 264 · Wentzier, Ernst, 53n · Wesse, Hildegaard, 97n · White Rose, 39-40   W (cont) · Widmann, Albert, 290 · Wiggam, A. E., 23 · Wilde, Oscar, 429 · "wild" euthanasia, 56, 96-102; killing by drugs in, 100-102, 256; starvation as killing method in, 96-99 · Wilhelm, Prince of Hesse, 126 · Wilm, Ernst, 93 · Wirth, Christian, 71, 134, 143, 157 · Wirths, Eduard, 6, 172, 291, 384-414, 446, 455, 459, 462; arrival at Auschwitz of, 187, 386; background of, 385-86; bureaucratic correctness of, 392-93; Clauberg and, 276; Communist political prisoners and, 240-41, 245; Delmotte and, 310; doubling by, 424; Entress and, 261; Ernst B. and, 308, 309; family ties of, 395-401; healing image maintained by, 404-6, 431; Hö ss and, 175; Kaschub and, 293; Langbein and, 257, 384-91, 393-95, 404, 405, 408-9, 411, 414; loyalty to Nazism of, 403-4; Mengele and, 341, 378; moral crusade of, 401-3; prisoner doctors and, 215, 238, 240, 247, 297, 298, 387, 389-91, 439; psychological adaptation of, 406-8; research conducted by, 251, 269, 270, 391-92; Samuel and, 251, 252; selections process and, 172-74, 197-98, 393-95 · Wirths, Helmut, 298, 392, 399-400, 403-4, 406, 407, 411-12 · Wischer, Gerhard, 142 · Woermann, Eduard, 516n11 · Wolken, Otto, 164, 181-84 · Wü rzburg Office of Racial Politics, 118 · Wü rzburg University Psychiatric Clinic 153 X · X-ray sterilization experiments, 26, 276, 278-85 Y · Yale Committee on Research with Human Subjects, 9 Z · Zenkteller, Zenon, 249-50, 425 · Ziel und Weg (Aim and Road), 32 · Ziereis, France, 142 · Zweig, Stefan, 469 · Zyklon-B gas, 32, 160-62, 170, 290, 405, 453, 454, 462, 520n38       FINIS   THE NAZI DOCTORS: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide Robert J. Lifton ISBN 0-465-09094 © 1986  Back Page 545 Forward